
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ (mean = 2.24, sd = 1.69)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.26, sd = 0.44)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                                               & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.128$^{**}$  & 0.131$^{**}$  & -0.225$^{**}$ & 0.027         & 0.028         & -0.032\\   
                                               & (0.050)       & (0.052)       & (0.087)       & (0.026)       & (0.026)       & (0.036)\\   
   Surname diversity                           &               &               & 0.449$^{***}$ &               &               & 0.076$^{**}$\\   
                                               &               &               & (0.104)       &               &               & (0.030)\\   
   Population                                  &               & -0.025        & -0.003        &               & -0.013        & -0.009\\   
                                               &               & (0.055)       & (0.055)       &               & (0.016)       & (0.016)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.056$^{**}$  & 0.056$^{**}$  & -0.098$^{**}$ & 0.015$^{*}$   & 0.014$^{*}$   & -0.007\\   
                                                         & (0.023)       & (0.023)       & (0.047)       & (0.009)       & (0.008)       & (0.013)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity                           &               &               & 0.170$^{***}$ &               &               & 0.023$^{*}$\\   
                                                         &               &               & (0.048)       &               &               & (0.012)\\   
   Predicted population                                  &               & -0.008        & 0.006         &               & -0.009        & -0.007\\   
                                                         &               & (0.038)       & (0.041)       &               & (0.010)       & (0.011)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.290$^{**}$  & 0.265$^{**}$  & -0.674$^{**}$ & 0.076         & 0.066         & -0.084\\   
                                               & (0.141)       & (0.132)       & (0.259)       & (0.052)       & (0.046)       & (0.066)\\   
   Surname diversity                           &               &               & 1.116$^{***}$ &               &               & 0.178$^{*}$\\   
                                               &               &               & (0.368)       &               &               & (0.099)\\   
   Population                                  &               & -0.054        & -0.006        &               & -0.022$^{*}$  & -0.014\\   
                                               &               & (0.039)       & (0.053)       &               & (0.013)       & (0.014)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat        & 18            & 21; 481       & 176; 166; 508 & 18            & 21; 481       & 176; 166; 508\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Genetic distance weighted \\ surname diversity}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity & 0.194$^{***}$ & 0.210$^{***}$ & 0.302$^{***}$ &  & 0.003         & -0.097$^{*}$  \\
                                                         & (0.046)       & (0.045)       & (0.041)       &  & (0.037)       & (0.051)       \\
   Predicted surname diversity                           &               &               & -0.102        &  &               & 0.110         \\
                                                         &               &               & (0.063)       &  &               & (0.094)       \\
   Predicted population                                  &               & 0.145$^{***}$ & 0.137$^{***}$ &  & 0.861$^{***}$ & 0.870$^{***}$ \\
                                                         &               & (0.030)       & (0.028)       &  & (0.094)       & (0.100)       \\
    \\
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}
   Predicted genetic distance weighted surname diversity &  &  & 0.094$^{***}$ &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  & (0.031)       &  &  &  \\
   Predicted surname diversity                           &  &  & 0.091         &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  & (0.055)       &  &  &  \\
   Predicted population                                  &  &  & 0.092$^{***}$ &  &  &  \\
                                                         &  &  & (0.020)       &  &  &  \\
\\
   Inventor fixed effects                      & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period-State fixed effects                  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944       & 209,944\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


